鳞翅目昆虫化石研究进展
鳞翅目Lepidoptera属于全变态类昆虫,包括蝶类和蛾类,是昆虫纲中仅次于鞘翅目的第二大目,多样性极为丰富,已知的现生类群已有16万种,估计现生类群总共可达50万种(Kristensen et al.,2007;van Nieukerken,2011)。然而该类群的化石记录非常稀少(Kristensen and Skalski,1998;Sohn et al.,2012)。对该类群化石开展研究不仅对补充和丰富世界鳞翅目昆虫化石种类具有重要意义,而且将为揭示鳞翅目昆虫起源与演化等问题提供重要的理论依据。本文拟就当前世界鳞翅目昆虫化石研究现状和存在问题进行综述。
1 研究简史
1.1 世界鳞翅目昆虫化石的研究简史
世界鳞翅目昆虫化石研究始于十九世纪中期,Germar(1837,1839,1842)、Heer(1849,1856,1861)率先对欧洲渐新世和中新世时期的鳞翅目化石展开研究。
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十九世纪后期到二十世纪初期,随着人们对鳞翅目化石研究的不断展开,大量鳞翅目昆虫化石种类被陆续发现,丰富了鳞翅目化石类群的多样性。Scudder(1875)发现了欧洲渐新世和中新世时期的蝶类化石。随后Scudder(1878,1889,1890,1892)、Cockerell(1909,1919,1921)对北美洲始新世晚期鳞翅目化石进行了研究。Rebel(1934,1935)和Kusnezov(1941)记录了始新世时期波罗的海琥珀中的近50个化石类群。Scudder(1891)和Handlirsch(1906-1908,1939)对已发现的鳞翅目化石记录进行了总结、补充,推动了鳞翅目化石分类学发展,为进一步研究奠定了基础。
本项目投资包括污水源热泵、污水换热器、循环水泵及其配套电气部分,污水引退水部分,供热面积50万m2,项目总投资为4290万元。系统投资明细如表4所示。
RBS (risk breakdown structure,风险分解结构)是一种分层结构的描述,它描述了风险类别和子类别所确定的项目风险,这些风险类别和子类别确定了潜在风险的各个领域和原因[9].
二十世纪后期至今是鳞翅目化石系统研究逐步完善的时期。这一时期研究人员对标本的描述和绘图更加精细。Kernbach(1967)记录了德国上新世早期的9个化石种。Skalski(1973a,1973b,1974,1977,1979a)补充了波罗的海的化石类群。Jarzembowski(1980,1989)对英国始新世化石进行了记录。Kozlov(1987,1988,1989)发现了大量波罗的海以及哈萨克斯坦的化石类群。Nel等(1993)、Martins-Neto(1999)、Fernández-Rubio等(2000)、Pealver等(2006)、Huang等(2010)、Mey(2011)、Zhang等(2013,2015)以及Kurz(2015)对法国、多米尼亚共和国、中国、巴西等地的鳞翅目化石进行了较为深入的研究。Whalley(1986)和Grimaldi(1999)评述了中生代时期的鳞翅目化石证据。Carpenter(1992)对整个鳞翅目化石研究进行了全面的总结和修订,凝练了科级和属级阶元的重要鉴定特征。Sohn等(2012)统计了几乎所有鳞翅目化石记录,完成迄今最全面的世界鳞翅目化石名录,名录列出了包括琥珀、遗迹化石在内的,各地质时期全部鳞翅目化石记录,为此后的研究提供了极大便利。此外,大量鳞翅目昆虫破坏植物的遗迹化石证据,将该类群的研究扩展到昆虫与植物互作领域(Labandeira et al.,1994;Grimaldi,1999)。在系统发育学领域,Kozlov等(2002)和Grimaldi and Engel(2005)等学者对整个鳞翅目的系统演化关系进行了探讨。
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到目前为止,全世界学者已发现并描述鳞翅目化石42科、176属、254种(表1),其中大多数化石物种发现于波罗的海琥珀中(图1)。
2.4 三组患者治疗前后SNOT-22量表评分比较 治疗前,三组患者的SNOT-22量表评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,三组患者SNOT-22评分比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),鼻窦开放组和上颌窦根治组SNOT-22评分高于球囊扩张组(P<0.01)。治疗后,三组患者SNOT-22评分均低于治疗前(P<0.01)。见表4。
表1 世界已发现的鳞翅目昆虫化石名录
Table 1 A checked list of Lepidoptera fossil found in the world
科Family种Speieces年代Epoch国家Country?ArchiptiliaovataHandlirsch,1939J1Germany?EpididontusgeinitzianusHandlirsch,1939J1Germany?MetarchitauliuslongusHandlirsch,1939J1Germany?NannotrichopterongracileHandlirsch,1906J1Germany?PalaeotauliusvicinusHandlirsch,1939J1Germany?PararchitauliusovalisHandlirsch,1939J1Germany?ParatauliusjurassicusHandlirsch,1939J1Germany?PseudorthophlebiaplatypteraHandlirsch,1906J1Germany??ParatrichopteridiumefossumHandlirsch,1939J1Germany??ParatrichopteridiumcostaleHandlirsch,1939J1Germany?NecrotauliustenerSukatsheva,1990K1RussiaArchaeolepidaeArchaeolepismaneWhalley,1985J1UKMesokristenseniidaeMesokristensenialatipennaHuangetal.,2010J2ChinaMesokristenseniidaeMesokristenseniasinicaHuangetal.,2010J2ChinaMesokristenseniidaeMesokristenseniaangustipennaHuangetal.,2010J2ChinaMesokristenseniidaeMesokristenseniatrichophoraZhangetal.,2013J2ChinaMesokristenseniidaeKladolepidopteronoviformisZhangetal.,2013J2ChinaMesokristenseniidaeKladolepidopteronsubaequalisZhangetal.,2013J2China
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科Family种Speieces年代Epoch国家CountryMesokristenseniidaeKladolepidopteronparvaZhangetal.,2013J2ChinaAscololepidopterigidaeAscololepidopterixmultinerveZhangetal.,2013J2ChinaAscololepidopterigidaePegolepidopteronlatialaZhangetal.,2013J2ChinaAscololepidopterigidaeTrionolepidopteronadmarginisZhangetal.,2013J2ChinaEolepidopterigidaeEolepidopterixjurassicaRasnitsyn,1983J3RussiaEolepidopterigidaePalaeolepidopterixaureaKozlov,1989J3KazakhstanEolepidopterigidaeDaiopterixrasnitsyniSkalski,1984K1RussiaEolepidopterigidaeDaiopterixolgaeKozlov,1989K1RussiaEolepidopterigidaeNetoxenananaMartins-Neto,1999K1BrazilEolepidopterigidaeUndopterixsukatshevaeSkalski,1979K1RussiaEolepidopterigidaeUndopterixcaririensisMartins-NetoandVulcano,1989K1BrazilEolepidopterigidaeGracileopterixpulchraMartins-NetoandVulcano,1989K1BrazilEolepidopterigidaeSereslepidopterondualisZhangetal.,2013J2ChinaEolepidopterigidaeAkainalepidopteronelachipteronZhangetal.,2013J2ChinaEolepidopterigidaeDynamilepidopteronaspinosusZhangetal.,2013J2ChinaEolepidopterigidaeQuadruplecivenacelsaZhangetal.,2013J2ChinaEolepidopterigidaePetilicorpuscristatusZhangetal.,2013J2ChinaEolepidopterigidaeLongcapitalisexcelsusZhangetal.,2013J2ChinaEolepidopterigidaeGrammikolepidopteronextensusZhangetal.,2013J2ChinaEolepidopterigidaeAclemuspatulusZhangetal.,2015J2ChinaMicropterigidaeMicropterixangelicaJarzembowski,1980E2UKMicropterigidaeMicropterixgertraudaeKurzandKurz,2010E2BalticRegionMicropterigidaeElectrocraniaimmensipalpaKusnezov,1941E2BalticRegionMicropterigidaeElectrocraniamichalskiiKurz,2015E2BalticRegionMicropterigidaeMoleropterixkalbeiEngelandKinzelbach,2008E1DenmarkMicropterigidaeSabatincapervetaWalker,1863K2BurmaMicropterigidaeParasabatincaaftimacraiWhalley,1978K1LebanonMicropterigidaeParasabatincacaldasaeMartins-NetoandVulcano,1989K1BrazilMicropterigidaePalaeosabatincazherikhiniKozlov,1988K1RussiaMicropterigidae?AuliepterixmirabilisKozlov,1989J3KazakhstanMicropterigidae?AuliepterixminimaKozlov,1989J3/K1MongoliaMicropterigidaeBaltimartyriaproavittellaMey,1995E2-E3BalticRegionMicropterigidaeBaltimartyriarasnitsyniMey,1995E2BalticRegionEriocraniidae?EriocraniteshercynicusKernbach,1967N2GermanyHepialidaeOiophassusnycterusZhang,1989N1ChinaHepialidaeOxycanusantipodaWalker,1855Q2AustraliaHepialidaeProtohepialuscomstockiPierce,1945N1USAHepialidae?ProhepialusincertusPiton,1940E1FranceNepticulidaeNepticula?almeidaeMartins-Neto,1989E3/N1BrazilNepticulidaeNepticulaulmivoraFologne,1860N2GermanyNepticulidaeStigmellitesaraliaeKernbach,1967K2CzechRepublicNepticulidaeStigmellitesbalticusKozlov,1988E2Russia
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科Family种Speieces年代Epoch国家CountryNepticulidaeStigmellitescarpiniorientalisStraus,1977N2GermanyNepticulidaeStigmellitescentennisJarzembowski,1989E1UKNepticulidaeStigmellitesfossilisHeyden,1862E3GermanyNepticulidaeStigmellitesgossiJarzembowski,1989E1UKNepticulidaeStigmellitesheringiKernbach,1967N2GermanyNepticulidaeStigmelliteskzyldzharicusKozlov,1988K2KazakhstanNepticulidaeStigmellitesmesselensisStraus,1976E2GermanyNepticulidaeStigmellitespliotityrellusKernbach,1967N2GermanyNepticulidaeStigmellitessamsonoviKozlov,1988K2KazakhstanNepticulidaeStigmellitesserpentinaKozlov,1988K2KazakhstanNepticulidaeStigmellitessharoviKozlov,1988K2KazakhstanNepticulidaeStigmellitestyshchenkoiKozlov,1988K2Kzyl-OrdinsKyRegionNepticulidaeStigmelliteszelkovaeStraus,1977N2GermanyAdelidaeAdelakuznetzoviKozlov,1987E2BalticRegionAdelidaeAdelasimilisKozlov,1987E2BalticRegionAdelidaeAdelitesacutitarsellus(Rebel,1936)E2BalticRegionAdelidaeAdeliteselectreellaRebel,1934E2BalticRegionAdelidaeAdelitespurpurascensRebel,1934E2BalticRegionAdelidaeAdelitesserraticornellusRebel,1934E2BalticRegionIncurvariidaeProphaloniagigasRebel,1936E2BalticRegionIncurvariidae?IncurvaritesalienellaRebel,1934E2BalticRegionTineidaeElectromeessiazaguljaeviKozlov,1987E2BalticRegionTineidaePalaeoinfurcitinearohdendorfiKozlov,1987E2BalticRegionTineidaeParatriaxomasiasolentensisJarzembowski,1980E2UKTineidaeSimuloteniaintermediaSkalski,1977E2BalticRegionTineidaeTineolamimaaurellaRebel,1934E2BalticRegionTineidaeMartynearebeliKusnezov,1941E2BalticRegionTineidaePseudocephitineasvetlanaeKozlov,1987E2BalticRegionTineidaeGlessoscardiagerasimoviKusnezov,1941E2BalticRegionTineidaePalaeoscardiitesmordvilkoiKusnezov,1941E2BalticRegionTineidaeProscardiitesmartynoviKuznezov,1941E2BalticRegionTineidaeScardiitesKusnezov,1941E2BalticRegionTineidaeMonopibaltiaignitellaSkalski,1974E2BalticRegionTineidaePalaeotinearasnitsyniKozlov,1987E2BalticRegionTineidaeDysmasiitescarpenteriKusnezov,1941E2BalticRegionTineidaeTillyardineaeocaenicaKusnezov,1941E2BalticRegionTineidaeTineosemopsisdecurtatusSkalski,1974E2BalticRegionTineidaeArchitineabalticellaRebel,1934E2BalticRegionTineidaeTineitellacrystalliKawall,1876CenRussiaTineidaeTineitellasepositellusRebel,1934E2BalticRegionTineidaeTineitellasucinaciusKozlov,1987E2BalticRegionPsychidaeDahlicatriquetrella(Hübner,1813)E2BalticRegion
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科Family种Speieces年代Epoch国家CountryPsychidaeAdelopsychefrustransCockerell,1926E2USAPsychidaePsychitespineellusHeer,1849N1SwitzerlandPsychidaePsychitespristinellusRebel,1934E2BalticRegionPsychidaeBaltopsychesecundum(SobczykandKobbert,2009)E2BalticRegionPsychidaeBaltopsychetransversum(SobczykandKobbert,2009)E2BalticRegionBucculatricidaeBucculatrixplataniKozlov,1988K2KazakhstanBucculatricidaeBucculatrixthoracella(Thunberg,1794)N2GermanyBucculatricidaeBucculatrixryckiFischer,2015E2RussiaGracillariidaeGracillariiteslithuanicusKozlov,1987E2BalticRegionGracillariidaeGracillariitesmixtusKozlov,1987E2BalticRegionGracillariidaePhyllonoryctermaestingella(Müller,1764)N2GermanyGracillariidaePhyllonorycter?oliveiraeMartins-Neto,1989E3/N1BrazilAegyresthiidaeArgyresthitesbalticellusRebel,1936E2BalticRegionAegyresthiidaeArgyresthitessuccinellusRebel,1934E2BalticRegionPlutellidaePlutellitesacutipenellus(Rebel,1936)E2BalticRegionPlutellidaePlutellitesinversellus(Rebel,1936)E2BalticRegionPlutellidaePlutellitesminorellus(Rebel,1936)E2BalticRegionPlutellidaePlutellitestenebricusKozlov,1988E2BalticRegionPlutellidae?EpinomeutatruncatipennellaRebel,1936E2BalticRegionPlutellidae?ScythropitesbalticellusRebel,1936E2BalticRegionLyonetiidaeProlyonetiacockerelliKusnezov,1941E2BalticRegionAutostichidaeMicrosymmociteskuznetzoviSkalski,1977E2BalticRegionAutostichidae?SymmocitesrohdendorfiKusnezov,1941E2BalticRegionAutostichidae?OegoconiitesborisjakiKusnezov,1941E2BalticRegionElachistidaeDepressaritesblastuliferellusRebel,1936E2BalticRegionElachistidaeDepressariteslevipalpellusRebel,1936E2BalticRegionElachistidaePalaeodepressariahannemanniSkalski,1979E2BalticRegionElachistidaeElachistitesinclususKozlov,1987E2BalticRegionElachistidaeElachistitessukatshevaeKozlov,1987E2BalticRegionElachistidaeMicroperittiaproboscipheraKozlov,1987E2BalticRegionElachistidaePalaeoelachistatraugottolseniKozlov,1987E2BalticRegionElachistidaePraemendesiaminimaKozlov,1987E2BalticRegionElachistidaeHexeritesprimalisCockerell,1933E2USAElachistidaeEthmiamortuella(Scudder,1890)E2USAMomphidaeAnyblacuprellaStainton,1854E2BalticRegionOecophoridaeBorkhausenitesbachofeniRebel,1934E2BalticRegionOecophoridaeEpiborkhausenitesobscurotrimaculatusSkalski,1973E2BalticRegionOecophoridaeGlesseumeyrickiahenrikseniKusnezov,1941E2BalticRegionOecophoridaeNeoborkhausenitesincertellus(Rebel,1936)E2BalticRegionOecophoridaeOecophorinitesangustipennellus(Rebel,1936)E2BalticRegionOecophoridaeOecophorinitescrassellus(Rebel,1936)E2BalticRegionOecophoridaeOecophorinitesimplicatellus(Rebel,1936)E2BalticRegion
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科Family种Speieces年代Epoch国家CountryOecophoridaeOecophorinitesincolumnellus(Rebel,1934)E2BalticRegionOecophoridaeOecophorinitesingentellus(Rebel,1936)E2BalticRegionOecophoridaeOecophorinitesinnominatus(Kusnezov,1941)E2BalticRegionOecophoridaeOecophorinitesvulneratellus(Rebel,1936)E2BalticRegionOecophoridaeParaborkhausenitesvicinellus(Rebel,1936)E2BalticRegionOecophoridaeSchiffermuelleriajantharicaSkalski,1977E2BalticRegionYpsolophidaeYpsolophusinsignisGermar,1837N1GermanyZygaenidaeNeurosymploca?oligocenicaFernández-RubioandNel,2000E3FranceZygaenidaeZygaena?miocaenicaReiss,1936N1GermanyZygaenidaeZygaena?turolensisFernández-Rubioetal.,1991N1SpainZygaenidaeZygaenitescontroversusBurgeff,1951N1GermanyCossidaeKleopathranemogypsiaMartins-Neto,1998E3/N1BrazilCossidaeKleopathranoctodivaMartins-Neto,1998E3/N1BrazilCossidae?GurnetiaCockerell,1921E2UKCastniidaeDominickuscastinoidesTindale,1985E2USATortricidaePolyvenahoratisPoinarandBrown,1993N1DominicanRepublicTortricidaeElectresiazalesskiiKusnezov,1941E2RussiaTortricidaeTortricibaltiadiakonoffiSkalski,1992E2BalticRegionTortricidaeTortricidrosisinclusaSkalski,1973E2BalticRegionTortricidaeSpatalistiformasubmergaSkalski,1992E2BalticRegionTortricidaeTortricitesdestructus(Cockerell,1916)E2USATortricidaeTortricitesflorissantanus(Cockerell,1907)E2USATortricidaeTortricitessadilenkoi(Kozlov,1988)E2BalticRegionTortricidaeTortricitesskalskii(Kozlov,1988)E2BalticRegionPterophoridaeMerrifieldiaoligocenicus(Bigotetal.,1986)E3/N1FranceCopromorphidaeCopromorphafossilisJarzembowski,1980E2UKPyralidaePetiscadryellinaMartins-Neto,1998E3/N1BrazilPyralidaeGlendotrichaolgaeKusnezov,1941E2BalticRegionPyralidaePyralitespreeceiJarzembowski,1980E2UKPyralidaePyralitesobscurusHeer,1856E3/N1FrancePyralidae?GalleriteskeleriKernbach,1967N2GermanyHesperiidaePamphilitesabditusScudder,1875E3/N1FranceHesperiidaeThanatitesvetulaScudder,1875E3GermanyHesperiidaeAndronymusneanderHolland,1896Q1TanzaniaRiodinidaeVoltiniadrambaStichel,1910N1DominicanRepublicRiodinidae?RiodinellanymphaDurdenandRose,1978E2USALycaenidaeAquisextanairenaeiThéobald,1937E3/N1FranceLycaenidae?LithopsycheantiquaButler,1889E2UKLycaenidae?LycaenitesgabbroensisRebel,1898N1ItalyNymphalidaeDynaminealexaePeñalverandGrimaldi,2006N1DominicanRepublicNymphalidaeArchaeolycoreaferreiraiMartins-Neto,1989E3/N1BrazilNymphalidaeLibytheanaflorissanti(Scudder,1892)E2USA
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科Family种Speieces年代Epoch国家CountryNymphalidaeLibytheanavagabunda(Scudder,1889)E2USANymphalidaeLethe?corbieriNeletal.,1993E3FranceNymphalidaeLethitesreynesiiScudder,1875E3/N1FranceNymphalidaeMylothritespluto(Heer,1849)N1CroatiaNymphalidaeNeorinellagarciaeMartines-Netoetal.,1993E3/N1BrazilNymphalidaeNeorinopissepulta(Boisduval,1840)E3/N1FranceNymphalidaePseudoneorinacoulletiNelandDescimon,1994E3FranceNymphalidaeAglaiskaraganica(Nekrutenko,1965)N1RussiaNymphalidaeApanthesisleuceScudder,1889E2USANymphalidaeCharaxescandiope(Godart,1824)Q1TanzaniaNymphalidaeDoxocopawilmattae(Cockerell,1907)E2USANymphalidaeHestinajaponica(FelderandFelder,1862)Q1JapanNymphalidaeJupitelliacharon(Scudder,1889)E2USANymphalidaeLithodryasstyx(Scudder,1889)E2USANymphalidaeNymphalitesatavus(Charpentier,1843)N1CroatiaNymphalidaeNymphalitesobscurusScudder,1889E2USANymphalidaeNymphalitesscudderiBeutenmüllerandCockerellinCockerell,1908E2USANymphalidaeNymphaliteszeuneriJarzembowski,1980E2UKNymphalidaeProdryaspersephoneScudder,1878E2USANymphalidaeVanessaamerindicaMillerandBrown,1989E2USAPapilionidaeDorititesbosniaskiiRebel,1898N1ItalyPapilionidaeThaitesruminianusScudder,1875E3/N1FrancePapilionidaePraepapiliocoloradoDurdenandRose,1978E2USAPapilionidaePraepapiliogracilisDurdenandRose,1978E2USAPieridaeBelenoiscrawshayiHübner,1825Q1TanzaniaPieridaeColiatesproserpinaScudder,1875E3/N1FrancePieridaeOligodontaflorissantensisBrown,1976E2USAPieridaePontiafreyeri(Heer,1849)N1CroatiaPieridaeStolopsychelibytheoidesScudder,1889E2USAPieridae?MiopieristalbotiZeuner,1942N1GermanySaturniidaeAgliaauLinnaeus,1758Q1FinlandSaturniidaeRothschildiafossilis(Cockerell,1914)E2ColoradoSphingidaeMioclanisshanwangianaZhangetal.,1994N1ChinaSphingidae?SphingiditesweidneriKernbach,1967N2GermanyBombycidaeBombycitesbuechiiHeer,1865N1Switzerland
续上表
科Family种Speieces年代Epoch国家CountryBombycidaeBombycitesoeningensisHeer,1849N1SwitzerlandGeometridaeGeometriditesjordaniKernbach,1967N2GermanyGeometridaeGeometriditeslarentiiformisJarzembowski,1980E2UKGeometridaeGeometriditesrepensKernbach,1967N2GermanyGeometridaeHydriomenaprotritaCockerell,1922E2USAGeometridaeHyperythraluteaStoll,1787Q1TanzaniaGeometridae?AngeronaelectrinaGiebel,1862Q2??Geometridae?PhalaenitesobsoletusHeer,1849N1CroatiaGeometridae?PhalaenitescrenatusHeer,1849N1CroatiaGeometridae?ProblongosbaudiliensisMéritandMérit,2008N1FranceNoctuidaeEuroisoccultaLinnaeus,1757Q1DenmarkErebidaeOligamatitesmartynoviKusnezov,1928E3KazakhstanErebidaePseudonacliapuella(Boisduval,1847)Q1TanzaniaErebidaeCharideametisDalman,1826??ErebidaeArctiitesdeletusRebel,1898N1ItalyErebidaeStauropolianekrutenkoiSkalski,1988N1RussiaErebidaePhilodarchiaciganaMartins-Neto,1998E3/N1BrazilNotodontidae?CeruriteswagneriKernbach,1967N2Germany?KarataunialapidariaKozlov,1989J3Kazakhstan?ProtolepiscuprealataKozlov,1989J3Kazakhstan?NoctuitescaucasicusKozlov,1988N1Russia?NoctuitesdeperditusHeer,1856E3/N1France?NoctuiteseffosusHeer,1849N1Croatia?NoctuitesgersdorfiKernbach,1967N2Germany?NoctuiteshaidingeriHeer,1849N1Croatia?NoctuitesincertissimusOustalet,1870E3France?NoctuitesKozlov,1988N1Russia?NoctuiteskozhantshikoviKozlov,1988N1Russia?NoctuiteskusnezoviKozlov,1988N1Russia?NoctuitesmaximusKozlov,1988N1Russia?Noctuitesmiocenicus(Kozhanchikov,1957)N1Russia?NoctuitesradobojanaKozlov,1988N1Croatia?NoctuitesstavropolicusKozlov,1988N1Russia
注:J1, 早侏罗世; J2,中侏罗世; J3, 晚侏罗世; J3/K1, 晚侏罗世与早白垩世分界处; K1, 早白垩世; K2, 晚白垩世; Cen, 新生代; E1, 古新世; E2, 始新世; E3, 渐新世; E2-E3, 始新世到渐新世; E3/N1, 渐新世与中新世分界处; N1, 中新世; N2, 上新世; Q1, 更新世; Q2, 全新世。 Note: J1,Early Jurassic; J2,Middle Jurassic; J3,Late Jurassic; J3/K1,J3-K1 boundary; K1, Early Cretaceous; K2,Late Cretaceous; Cen, Cenozoic; E1, Paleocene; E2, Eocene; E3, Oligocene; E2-E3, from Eocene to Oligocene; E3/N1, E3-N1 boundary; N1, Miocene; N2, Pliocene; Q1, Pleistocene; Q2, Holocene.
图1 世界鳞翅目化石地区分布情况Fig.1 The distribution of the described Lepidoptera fossils in the world
1.2 中国鳞翅目昆虫化石的研究简史
我国鳞翅目昆虫化石研究起步较晚,仅有寥寥数篇研究成果。张俊峰先生(1989)首次在我国发现2块鳞翅目化石,均发现于山东临朐山旺村的中新统山旺组。一块为蝙蝠蛾科Hepialidae的夜独蝙蝠蛾Oiophassus nycterus,另一块为天蛾科Sphingidae的未定属种。之后,张俊峰等(1994)又在山旺发现天蛾科的山旺中天蛾(Mioclanis shanwangiana Zhang et al.,1994)。我国中生代时期的鳞翅目昆虫化石直到近年来才有研究。Huang等(2010)在内蒙古宁城道虎沟中侏罗世九龙山组发现有鳞翅目昆虫化石,并建立1科 1属 3种,随后Zhang等(2013,2015)又相继报道该地区3科 12属15种。
图2 最古老的鳞翅目类群Archaeolepis mane(引自Grimaldi and Engel,2005)Fig.2 The oldest Lepidoptera,Archaeolepis mane(from Grimaldi and Engel,2005)注: Sc, 亚前缘脉; R1a, 第一径脉前副脉; R1b, 第一径脉后副脉; RS1, 第一径脉分脉; RS2, 第二径分脉; RS3, 第三径分脉; RS4, 第四径分脉; M2, 第二中脉; M3, 第三中脉; CuA, 前肘脉; 1A, 第一臀脉; 2A, 第二臀脉; 3A, 第三径臀脉。 Note: Sc, subcostal; R1a, the anterior branch of first Radius; R1b, the posterior branch of first Radius; RS1, the first Radial sector; RS2, the second Radial sector; RS3, the third Radial sector; RS4, the forth Radial sector; M2, the second Media; M3, the third Media; CuA, the anterior branch of first Cubitus; 1A, the first Anal; 2A, the second Anal; 3A, the third Anal.
2 不同地质年代鳞翅目化石类群多样性及其产地
兼翅总目Amphiesmenoptera包括鳞翅目和毛翅目,是最早出现的新翅类昆虫之一。三叠纪时期,礓石蛾科Necrotauliidae出现,该科曾经被认为是兼翅总目基干类群,是毛翅目和鳞翅目的共同祖先(Grimaldi and Engel,2005),最近研究显示礓石蛾科可能属于原始的毛翅目(Liu et al.,2014;Zhang et al.,2017)。
侏罗纪 大约在1.9亿年前的早侏罗世,出现了迄今为止最古老的鳞翅目类群Archaeolepidae(仅发现一种Archaeolepis mane Whalley, 1985(图2),该化石发现于英国。另外在德国发现约1.8亿年前的鳞翅目8个化石属:Nannotrichopteron Handlirsch, 1906、Pseudorthophlebia Handlirsch, 1906、Archiptilia Handlirsch, 1939、Epididontus Handlirsch, 1939、Metarchitaulius Handlirsch, 1939、Palaeotaulius Handlirsch, 1939、Parataulius Handlirsch, 1939、Pararchitaulius Handlirsch, 1939,但它们的科级阶元的分类地位仍不确定。此时鳞翅目的分布范围可能仅局限于西欧部分国家。到中侏罗世,始鳞翅科Eolepidopterigidae(8属8种)、中生柯氏蛾科Mesokristenseniidae(2属7种)和少距蛾科Ascololepidopterigidae(3属3种)的化石记录在我国出现,表明鳞翅目的分布范围已经开始扩大。晚侏罗世,在哈萨克斯坦发现5个化石种:Eolepidopterix jurassica Rasnitsyn, 1983、Palaeolepidopterix urea Kozlov, 1989(始鳞翅科Eolepidopterigidae)、Auliepterix mirabilis Kozlov, 1989(小翅蛾科Micropterigidae)、Protolepis cuprealata Kozlov, 1989(分类位置未定)、Karataunia lapidaria Kozlov, 1989(分类位置未定)。此外,在蒙古发现的Auliepterix minima Kozlov, 1989,其地质时代位于晚侏罗世/早白垩世界限。
Kozlov MV. Paleontology of lepidopterans and problems of the phylogeny of the order Papilionida. In: Ponomarenko AG, ed. The Cretaceous Biocoenotic Crisis in the Evolution of Insects[C]. Moscow: Academy of Sciences, 1988: 16-69.
古近纪 新生代时期有喙亚目Glossata开始繁盛。古新世中期,外孔次亚目Exoporia类群出现,在法国发现蝙蝠蛾科Hepialidae的化石种Prohepialus incertus Piton,1940。古新世晚期,螟蛾科Pyralidae、凤蝶科Papilionidae、弄蝶科Hesperiidae等双孔次亚目类群出现(Andersen and Andersen,1996;Bonde et al.,2008;Engel and Kinzelbach,2008;Jong,2016)。从古新世末期到始新世中期,鳞翅目昆虫发生大规模的辐射演化(Sohn et al.,2015),近30个科的百余种化石类群在该时期分化出来,其中80余个化石种发现于波罗的海琥珀,其他种发现于俄罗斯、美国、英国等地。渐新世斑蛾科Zygaenidae、裳蛾科Erebidae出现,螟蛾科Pyralidae、蛱蝶科Nymphalidae、粉蝶科Pieridae继续分化产生新的属种。
基于上述原因,广州地铁5、6号线联合我国有经验的企业,对直线电机气隙预警子系统进行攻关研究,直线电机气隙预警子系统孕育而生。
随着古生物研究技术水平的提高,新的技术手段运用在鳞翅目研究中。近年来,通过研究化石残留的致色因子以复原古生物颜色的研究方法已经广泛应用于多个古生物类群,在鳞翅目昆虫中已有研究人员对德国梅塞尔化石产地的蛾化石做了颜色复原(McNamara et al.,2011)。许多鳞翅目昆虫化石在琥珀中得到了很好的保存,如果将该方法运用到琥珀鳞翅目的昆虫化石研究,可能会获得更多有关灭绝昆虫颜色的信息。
总之,鳞翅目是一个年轻的目,最早的化石记录出现在侏罗纪时期,直到白垩纪还很稀少。中生代时期以原始的蛾类为主,主要为始鳞翅科和小翅蛾科。始新世时期,较为进化的类群才开始大量分化出现(图3)。
图3 已知各地质时期鳞翅目化石昆虫种数Fig.3 The number of Lepidoptera in different geological ages注: J1, 早侏罗世; J2, 中侏罗世; J3, 晚侏罗世; K1, 早白垩世; K2, 晚白垩世; E1, 古新世; E2, 始新世; E3, 渐新世; N1, 中新世; N2, 上新世; Q, 第四纪。 Note: J1, Early Jurassic; J2, Middle Jurassic; J3, Late Jurassic; K1, Early Cretaceous; K2, Late Cretaceous; E1, Paleocene; E2, Eocene; E3, Oligocene; N1, Miocene; N2, Pliocene; Q, Quaternary.
3 鳞翅目分类系统和系统发育
鳞翅目与其姐妹群毛翅目Trichoptera统称兼翅总目Amphiesmenopteran。目前多把鳞翅目分为 4个亚目:轭翅亚目Zeugloptera(仅包括小翅蛾科Micropterigidae)、无喙亚目Aglossata(仅包括颚蛾科Agathiphagidae)、异蛾亚目Heterobathiina(仅包括异蛾科Heterobathmiidae)、有喙亚目Glossata(包括毛顶次亚目Dacnonypha、新顶次亚目Neopseustina、冠顶次亚目Lophocoronina、外孔次亚目Exoporia、异脉次亚目Heteroneura、双孔次亚目Ditrysia)。
鳞翅目各个类群的系统地位和亲缘关系尚未得到统一结论。Kristensen(2007)基于形态学数据认为小翅蛾科位于鳞翅目基部,颚蛾科为异蛾科+有喙亚目的姐妹群(Mutanen et al.,2010)。基于分子数据支持小翅蛾科位于鳞翅目基部,但认为颚蛾科与异蛾科互为姐妹群。而(Regier et al.,2013)通过对鳞翅目高级解元系统发育学研究,结果显示小翅蛾科与颚蛾科互为姐妹群,位于鳞翅目基部;异蛾科为有喙亚目的姐妹群。有喙亚目的单系性毋庸置疑,被多个自有衍征支持:例如典型的虹吸式口器等(Kristensen,2007),而有喙亚目内各个总科之间系统发育关系仍存在较多争议。
在化石方面,Rasnitsyn(1983)建立化石亚目——始鳞翅亚目Eolepidopterigina,目前该亚目仅包括始鳞翅科(Eolepidopterigidae,Whalley1985)建立Archaeolepidae,该科是目前已知最为古老的科,起源于早侏罗世。Kozlov(1988)曾建立Undopterigidae,但之后Skalski(1990)、Sohn等(2012)认为Undopterigidae为始鳞翅科的异名。根据中生代鳞翅目化石标本,Huang等(2010)和Zhang等(2013)分别建立中生柯氏蛾科Mesokristenseniidae和少距蛾科Ascololepidopterigidae。目前关于鳞翅目化石类群的系统地位研究还较为欠缺。Sohn等(2015)将化石数据和最新的分子系统学结果相结合,阐释了鳞翅目进化多样性和分歧时间(图4)。
根据《通知》,房屋具备查验条件后,建设单位应当在查验7日前书面通知购房人进行查验的日期、地点及应当携带的证件、文件等事项。查验过程中,购房人应当依据国家和本市相关法律法规、标准规范及施工图设计文件、合同等对房屋施工质量进行查验;因故不能亲自到场查验的,可出具书面授权文件,授权他人或者其他组织办理,建设单位应当配合进行查验。
图4 鳞翅目系统发育树Fig.4 Phylogenetic system of Lepidoptera 圆圈:重要化石记录;星号:分歧时间(引自Sohn et al.,2015)。Circles: Important fossil record; Star: The divergence time estimates (from Sohn et al.,2015)
4 问题及展望
近年来,国内外学者对鳞翅目化石做了大量研究工作,随着研究的深入,鳞翅目化石研究中的问题也逐渐凸显出来。
4.1 鳞翅目化石的采集及基础分类工作
虽然现生鳞翅目昆虫种类和数量丰富,但鳞翅目化石却十分稀少。推测其潜在原因,可能有以下两个方面:一是鳞翅目昆虫翅上的横脉少且纵脉骨化程度一般,翅极易破损;二是由于鳞翅目昆虫的翅和虫体均覆盖有鳞片,具有拒水性,造成其在湖相沉积中难以保存(Kristensen et al.,2007)。较少的标本给鳞翅目化石分类工作造成困难。研究人员常因缺少副模,仅能以单块标本建种,这就使鳞翅目化石分类的准确度和可信度降低。早期的分类学研究由于受到技术条件的制约,部分属种的分类位置仍存疑。广泛收集鳞翅目化石材料是鳞翅目化石研究的首要工作。随着新的化石材料的采集和数据的积累,需要更加系统的开展原有化石种类的修订工作以及新化石类群的分类鉴定工作。
4.2 鳞翅目与毛翅目的区分
研究人员对现生兼翅总目类群做了诸多研究,Kristensen等总结了兼翅总目的21个衍征,强有力的支持了毛翅目和鳞翅目的姐妹群关系;同时,归纳了鳞翅目的27个衍征及毛翅目的20个衍征,支持了两个类群各自的单系性(Kristensen,1984;Kristensen and Skalski,1998;Holzenthal et al.,2007;Kristensen et al.,2007)。但在化石类群区分鳞翅目和毛翅目就有较多的困难:原始鳞翅目与毛翅目极为相似(图5),且化石物种数及标本数量较少,虫体结构保存欠佳,常缺失重要衍征,为部分标本的鉴定造成困难,例如:Eocorona iani Tindale,1980最初被归入鳞翅目,但其分类地位一直存在争议,现在被认为是兼翅总目的基干类群(Whalley,1986;Common,1990;Minet et al.,2010);Handlirsch(1906-1908,1939)曾在德国多贝尔廷早侏罗世地层中发现大量兼翅总目化石标本,将其归入礓石蛾科,但之后,Ansorge(2002)将其中的部分属种转移至了鳞翅目。
作为当今国内外语言学界的一门前沿学科,构式语法理论是在Fillmore和Kay等人研究的基础上发展起来的。构式语法理论是一门研究说话者知识本质的认知语言学理论,一个构式本身就是一个整体,其意义不是各组成成分之间的简单相加,也不是把无意义的形式任意地摆放在一起。也就是说,一个整体中的某一部分不能脱离整体而独立存在,整体大于部分相加之和。(郑世高,2015:1)语言学家认为,语言是由构式组成的系统,语言习得也就是构式的习得。构式是语言的基本单位,而语块则是构式语法的有机组成部分。
Germar EF. Die versteinerten Insecten Solenhofens[J].Acta Acad. Leopold. Carol, 1839, 19: 187-222.
图5 (A)鳞翅目Undopterix sukatshevae的前翅线条图(引自Skalski,1979b);(B)毛翅目Juraphilopotamus lubricus的前翅线条图(引自Gao et al.,2013)Fig.5 (A) Lepidopteran forewing, Undopterix sukatshevae, after Skalski (1979b); (B) Trichopteran forewing,Juraphilopotamus lubricus, after Gao et al. (2013)注: Sc1, 第一亚前缘; Sc2, 第二亚前缘脉; R1a, 第一径脉前副脉; R1b, 第一径脉后副脉; Rs1, 第一径脉分脉; Rs2, 第二径分脉; Rs3, 第三径分脉; Rs4, 第四径分脉; M1, 第一中脉; M2, 第二中脉; M3, 第三中脉 ; M4, 第四中脉; CuA1, 第一前肘脉; CuA2, 第二前肘脉; CuP, 后肘脉; 1A, 第一臀脉; 2A, 第二臀脉; 3A, 第三径臀脉。 Note: Sc1, the first subcostal; Sc2, the second subcostal; R1a, the anterior branch of first Radius; R1b, the posterior branch of first Radius; Rs1, the first Radial sector; Rs2, the second Radial sector; Rs3, the third Radial sector; Rs4, the forth Radial sector; M1, the first Media; M2, the second Media; M3, the third Media; M4, the forth Media; CuA1, the first anterior branch of first Cubitus; CuA2, the second anterior branch of first Cubitus; CuP, the posterior branch of first Cubitus; 1A, the first Anal; 2A, the second Anal; 3A, the third Anal.
4.3 鳞翅目起源演化及其与被子植物的关系
Kozlov等(2002)根据化石数据,推测现生蛾类和蝶类的主要支系起源于白垩纪时期,并且在晚白垩世快速分化。Wahlberg等(2013)运用分子钟方法,结合鳞翅目化石进行时间矫正,估算出现生鳞翅目类群在三叠纪晚期就已分化出现,侏罗纪是非双孔类分化的关键时期,双孔类类群间的分化发生在白垩纪时期,且鳞翅目的分化与被子植物的分化存在密切的关系。利用分子钟方法得出的分化时间远远早于化石记录。
昆虫与植物相互作用在昆虫与植物协同进化和发展中起到至关重要的作用。大量鳞翅目昆虫取食植物的遗迹化石不仅为鳞翅目与植物相互作用提供了证据(Labandeira et al.,1994;Grimaldi,1999),而且可能为解决鳞翅目的起源时间提供新的思路。目前鳞翅目的起源时间在化石记录(白垩纪,Kozlov et al.,2002)和分子钟方法(三叠纪晚期,Wahlberg et al.,2013)之间存在较大差距。由于鳞翅目与植物之间存在密切关系,发现和研究昆虫与植物相互作用的化石可能会为鳞翅目的起源,以及如何分化成为昆虫纲的第二大类群提供新的依据。
4.4 新技术在鳞翅目化石研究中的应用
新近纪 中新世时期,天蛾科Sphingidae、蚕蛾科Bombycidae出现。该时期鳞翅目昆虫化石广泛分布于美国、瑞士、德国、意大利、多米尼亚、俄国、克罗地亚、中国等地。
综上所述,目前鳞翅目昆虫化石的基础研究已取得了一定的成果。但由于各方面的原因,研究工作中还存在一些问题。我国化石资源丰富,相信随着鳞翅目昆虫化石的继续发掘和研究手段的不断完善,鳞翅昆虫化石的研究中存在的问题将逐步得到解决,同时也期待在鳞翅目系统发育和起源演化等研究领域取得新的突破。
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或许这个世界真的有太多我无能为力的事,不能预测的未来,不能回去的过往,以及那个再也不能朝夕相处的你。《老友记》里菲比有一句话曾深深地打动过我,她说:“生命里任恋人们来来去去,但朋友永远是朋友。”亲爱的朋友,永远不会忘记是你陪我走过了那段艰难的旅程。走出了中学,就意味着永不重返,只有浓浓的思念和飘絮的梦幻,化作一首淡淡的心歌吟在我的青春征途。今后的日子里,我会用怀念之水替你磨洗月光。
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